List of the Marginal Seas of the Indian Ocean

Rundown of the Marginal Seas of the Indian Ocean The Indian Ocean is a generally huge sea with a territory of 26,469,900 square miles (68,566,000 sq km). It is the universes third biggest sea behind the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. The Indian Ocean is situated between Africa, the Southern Ocean, Asia and Australia and has a normal profundity of 13,002 feet (3,963 m). The Java Trench is its most profound point at - 23,812 feet (- 7,258 m). The Indian Ocean is generally known for causing the monsoonal climate designs that rule a lot of Southeast Asia and for being a significant chokepoint all through history.The Ocean additionally fringes a few peripheral oceans. A negligible ocean is a territory of water that is an in part encased ocean contiguous or generally open to the untamed sea (Wikipedia.org). The Indian Ocean imparts its fringes to seven peripheral oceans. Coming up next is a rundown of those oceans masterminded by zone. All figures were acquired from Wikipedia.orgs pages on each sea.1) Arabian SeaArea: 1,491,126 square mile s (3,862,000 sq km)2) Bay of BengalArea: 838,614 square miles (2,172,000 sq km)3) Andaman SeaArea: 231,661 square miles (600,000 sq km)4) Red SeaArea: 169,113 square miles (438,000 sq km)5) Java SeaArea: 123,552 square miles (320,000 sq km)6) Persian GulfArea: 96,911 square miles (251,000 sq km)7) Sea of Zanj (situated off the east bank of Africa)Area: UndefinedReferenceInfoplease.com. (n.d.). Seas and Seas - Infoplease.com. Recovered from: infoplease.com/ipa/A0001773.html#axzz0xMBpBmBwWikipedia.org. (28 August 2011). Indian Ocean - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Recovered from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_oceanWikipedia.org. (26 August June 2011). Negligible Sea - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Recovered from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginal_seas

How To Use Argumentative Essay Examples

How To Use Argumentative Essay ExamplesIt is certainly possible to succeed in writing an argumentative essay using argumentative essay examples, but that doesn't mean you will be writing like a pro. That means you need to have a good grasp of what makes good argumentative essays. Here are the most common elements to a good argument.A good argument is one where the author stands out above other peers in the discussion. An essay has two people talking and they are weighing the merits of each side. The writer has an opinion and they are trying to persuade their audience to believe in it. Usually this involves facts. Facts must be backed up with evidence.Essays should be logical. The essay writer needs to make the case using sound logic. Some examples of good logic would be stating a fact, arguing for a fact, presenting data and statistics, or stating a reason why something happened.You have to prepare to back up your audience's argument with facts are very important. If your argument ca n be based on the facts, it will win every time. As well, your audience will be encouraged to read more and to critically think about the arguments presented.Argumentative essay examples are usually offered in the form of a brief synopsis of your overall argument. The writer explains how the reader can connect certain events to your main point. This helps the reader understand the argument you are making.The author also wants to help you take the argument further. They are providing ideas to support their viewpoint. The essay examples give the ideas a place to stand out and to give a clear answer to the reader's question. The author puts a compelling argument into perspective and helps you understand the idea and how it applies to your own situation. You can use some of the essay examples in your own writing as well. The author can be a great resource for ideas that might not have been thought of or brought up. You might even find your own ideas are being expressed through the outli ne.The goal of these essay examples is to give you ideas for topics to write about. Make sure that your topic is one that you want to write about. Think about what you would say if you were in the audience and what would be the best way to express your opinion. These essay examples can be useful tools for learning.

Post Modernism In Pop Culture

Post Modernism In Pop Culture Endeavors to characterize post-innovation can come in a wide range of structures as various individuals have various thoughts with regards to what precisely the term implies. This being stated, a great many people who partake in the discussion over innovation and postmodernism share an agreement that postmodernism may be numerous things, yet it absolutely is connected with the development of mainstream society in the late twentieth century in the West. At the end of the day, postmodernism can be viewed as another chronicled second, another reasonableness, or another social style, yet mainstream society can be referenced as the site on which these progressions can be most effectively found. Postmodernism is a point of view which will in general reject a significant number of the acknowledged estimations of innovation. It includes a reevaluation of sexual orientation jobs and the differenced customarily concerned them. It takes a progressively worldwide point of view in its perspective on ethnic and national qualifications, and rejects generalizations of various sorts. Simultaneously, it grasps the idea of wistfulness in craftsmanship (film, TV, promoting) and utilizes various referencing (among different procedures) to convey on an assortment of emblematic levels. This article will examine the idea of postmodernism and apply it to a collection of film, TV, or promoting material. It should the emphasis on a solitary model and investigate it as common of postmodern aesthetic structure. From this article it will be certain that postmodernism speaks to an obscuring of the limits between levels of culture, and The Simpsons is a run of the mill case of postmodernist aesthetic structure. It was the late 1950s and mid 1960s that the development that we currently come to know as postmodernism rose. In the expressions of Susan Sontag, a pundit of American culture, it accompanied the rise of another reasonableness, and this includes an obscuring of the differentiation among high and low culture. Anyway, the differentiation turns out to be less important. The post-present day new reasonableness didn't track with indistinguishable lines from the social elitism of innovation. In spite of the fact that innovation appears to have a significant spot in mainstream society, it is set apart by a noteworthy doubt of everything well known. It was those things that were related with tip top culture that were acknowledged under innovation. Culture was what might be promptly acknowledged into an exhibition hall, it was what had a homologous relationship with the elitism that is inalienable in class society. This means the drive towards post innovation in the late 1950s and 1960s was related with the developing assault on the elitism of innovation. The rise of postmodernism flagged a refusal of the extraordinary divide㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦ a talk which demands the all out differentiation between high workmanship and mass culture, also, to a huge degree, it is by the separation we have gone from this incredible partition between mass culture and innovatio n that we can gauge our own social post advancement. A decent early case of the new rush of post-current mainstream society can be found in the American and British pop craftsmanship development of the 1950s and 1960s as it dismissed the division between high culture and mainstream society. This can be said to be postmodernisms first social blossoming. One of pop expressions first conspicuous scholar, Lawrence Alloway clarifies that the region of contact was mass created urban culture: motion pictures, publicizing, sci-fi, popular music. We felt none of the aversion of business culture standard among learned people, however acknowledged it as a reality, talked about it in detail, and expended it energetically. This acknowledgment of the new development of postmodernism permitted individuals to treat mainstream society in the domain of genuine workmanship, and not a second level of culture. At the point when seen from this viewpoint, postmodernism initially came out of a refusal by the various ages to comply with the clear cut surenesses of high innovation. It came to be thought of as untouchable to keep on keeping up an outright differentiation among high and mainstream society. This was exceptionally obvious in the manner that workmanship and well known music consolidated. A genuine case of this can be found in the manner Peter Blake structured the intro page of the Beatles Sergeant Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band and the manner in which Andy Warhol planned the front of the Rolling Stones collection Sticky Fingers. By the center of the 1980s, the post-current new reasonableness had become profoundly engrained into mainstream society, and for somewhere in the range of, motivation to surrender. The postmodern condition is one that is set apart by an emergency in the situation of information in Western social orders. This served to give educated people less prominence as the institute consistently lost its believability. Iain Chambers contends this point from an alternate point of view. He says the discussion over postmodernism can to a limited extent be comprehended as the side effect of the troublesome ingression of mainstream society, its feel and close prospects, into a formerly favored space. Hypothesis and scholarly talks are gone up against by the more extensive, unsystemized, famous systems of social creation and information. The educated people benefit to clarify and disseminate information is undermined. Another social scholar, Angela McRobbie concurs with this as she considers it to be the appearing of those whose voices were generally overwhelmed by the (pioneer) metanarratives of dominance, which were thus both male centric and radical. She set forth the contention that postmodernism has liberated another group of educated people who talk from the edges from a point of view of distinction, including ethnic, class, sex and sexual inclination contrasts. These are the individuals whom she alludes to as the new age of savvy people. A comparable point is made by Kobena Mercer as she considers postmodernism to be halfway an unacknowledged reaction to the developing personalities and voices of those individuals who have risen up out of the edges, and this opens another method for seeing and comprehension. Hyperrealism can be said to be a part of postmodernism. In the circle of the hyperreal, the genuine and the nonexistent persistently come into contact with one another. Reproductions start to be experienced as something that is more genuine than genuine itself. The proof for this contention can be seen all through our Western culture. For instance, we live in a general public where individuals compose letters to the characters they see on TV, asking them out on dates, and offering them spots to live. This can be known as the disintegration of TV into life, or the disintegration of life into TV. It was said by John Fiske that postmodern media doesn't, similar to it once provided, optional portrayals of the real world: they influence and produce the truth that they intervene. Furthermore, Fiske contends that those occasions in our lives that issue must be equal with media occasions. The capture of O.J. Simpson was a genuine case of this. As the updates on his story unfurled, individuals in the region raced to his home with the goal that they could be a piece of the sequence of media reports. They needed to be vaguely live individuals and media individuals. This is a trait of the postmodern time. These individuals knew that the media was not only detailing of circling the news, they were making it. Accordingly, if individuals needed to be a piece of the updates on this occasion, it was not adequate to be there on the scene, to really be a piece of this occasion, they must be on TV. This is a demonstration of the way that in the hyperreal universe of the postmodern, the differe ntiation between a genuine occasion and its media portrayal loses its qualification. Frederic James who is an American pundit of culture as is knowledgeable in postmodernism contends that it is a culture of pastiche. To him, postmodern culture is a world wherein complex development is not, at this point conceivable, all that is left is to copy dead styles, to talk through covers and with the voices of the styles in the fanciful exhibition hall. Postmodernism is a culture that is assembled from a wide range of spots it very well may be said to be a culture of citations. Our social creation is the outcome of other social creation. Postmodern social writings don't simply cite different societies, other recorded minutes, they arbitrarily tear apart them to where any feeling of basic or authentic separation stops to exist there is just pastiche. This pattern of the pastiche is perceptible in both the assortment of film and TV. It tends to be found in the sentimentality film that is obvious in both TV and film. A few motion pictures that would fall into this class of the postmodern wistfulness film would be Back to the Future as it looks to reproduce the air and expressive characteristics of America during the 1950s. Different movies like Raiders of the Lost Ark, Robin Hood and Lord of the Rings demonstration along these lines as they instigate a feeling of account surenesses of the past. Along these lines, the wistfulness film either recovers and speaks to specific styles of review the past. These movies try to make social legends and generalizations about the past. They offer bogus authenticity: films about different movies, portrayals of different portrayals. As this investigation of postmodernism in mainstream society advances, it is valuable to apply it to a solitary model, and afterward examine it as regular of postmodernist aesthetic structure. The Simpsons is a breathtakingly well known demonstration of the lat two decades and it spoke to the primary prime time vivified arrangement since the Flintstones. Since its initiation, this show has developed as a social wonder. It is a result of this gigantic achievement that The Simpsons speaks to a commendable object of study for social pundits. There is no uncertainty that this TV arrangement can be put in the class of the postmodern. The entirety of the explanatory gadgets that are equivalent with postmodern hypothesis are available in The Simpsons: pastiche, citation, intertextuality and reflexivity. The Simpsons, as a result of the manner in which it utilizes reflexivity and intertextuality specifically is an incredible case of the postmodern at work. All components of this

Common Persuasive Essay Topics

<h1>Common Persuasive Essay Topics</h1><p>Common convincing article points are subjects that individuals regularly return to. Composing influential papers for these points is a certain method to get read well. They may appear to be exhausting and monotonous, yet these themes give the ideal beginning stage to those searching out the best article composing tips.</p><p></p><p>One thing you ought to consistently remember with regards to influential exposition points is that the realities in any paper ought to be upheld up with reasons why the crowd ought to concur with the essayist. The contention ought not be too powerless that it won't have the option to persuade the peruser. In the event that you just think about specific points, these are probably the most widely recognized ones.</p><p></p><p>When composing an influential article about a subject, for example, religion, you have to consider different components that may cause question in the brain of your crowd. Having an unmistakable explanation behind the determinations you make is an extraordinary method to construct a solid contention. You can likewise utilize this subject as a take off platform for a contention about something different. Religion is the best liable to compose an exposition on, on the grounds that you can cover an expansive scope of themes that probably won't be secured well elsewhere.</p><p></p><p>When it goes to the political circumstance, the peruser is normally inspired by explicit issues that influence the current subject. Numerous individuals will need to find out about the applicants and their strategies. Utilizing this as a convincing exposition theme is a decent method to catch eye and attract individuals. It isn't generally the situation, in any case, and different points may give the peruser more consideration than all else that has been written.</p><p></p><p>Another f amous theme is business. Nowadays there are numerous opportunities for a contention dependent on business and financial matters. Numerous organizations are truly beneficial, so their ubiquity is regularly seen in a positive light. This is additionally the fundamental objective of any enticing paper that centers around business.</p><p></p><p>A third normal subject that can be utilized as a beginning stage for a contention is law. It isn't the situation that all contentions depend on law. These are likewise frequently utilized in convincing articles about diversion, reasoning, or history.</p><p></p><p>Finally, there are two other normal influential paper themes that numerous authors find helpful. These incorporate the subject of race and religion. These subjects can be utilized to fabricate contentions and lead the peruser to concurring with the writer.</p><p></p><p>It is anything but difficult to track down entic ing article points that are utilized regularly by understudies and instructors the same. Actually, you will regularly find that your point might be far and away superior to the ones recorded previously. So on the off chance that you need to compose a convincing article, look at the best four normal points above, and begin creating contentions about them today!</p>

A Startling Fact about Essay Topics on Smoking Uncovered

<h1>A Startling Fact about Essay Topics on Smoking Uncovered </h1> <p>Year round school is certifiably not a smart thought. At first, it's difficult to quit any pretense of smoking from the absolute first day, however after some time you can watch a ton of progress in yourself, this is only conceivable on the off chance that you have solid resolve. A potential drive or smoke previously or after they go to class might be an answer similarly as long as the individual isn't nearby. Yearly driving tests should be required for the underlying five years subsequent to getting a permit. </p> <h2> Essay Topics on Smoking - the Story </h2> <p>As an outcome, the legislature would need to legitimize the making of tobacco to upgrade the money related condition. As an outcome, however, a prohibition on smoking would flop because of monetary issues and the more noteworthy open doors for the dark segment. Regardless of the particular endeavors by various gov ernment establishments and associations to dishearten tobacco utilization, it is as yet one of the standard propensities by most people particularly the young. There's a genuine case of the fruitless endeavor from the administration to obstruct the spread of liquor. </p> <p>Additionally, smokers with higher salary aren't influenced since they can at present bear the cost of cigarettes notwithstanding steady increment. Any child can buy a cigarette and start smoking! </p> <p>The pertinent specialists endeavor to forestall tobacco smoking by raising the assessment sums on cigarettes with the goal that smokers find that it's costly. As is generally comprehended, the infection isn't explicit only for smokers yet in addition for the people who remain around the smokers when they smoke cigarette. There is an arrangement of instances of smoking. </p> <h2> What Does Essay Topics on Smoking Mean?</h2> <p>You may likewise examine concerning can any anyone explain why individuals smoke in your exposition. Obviously, you can discover some fairly incredible thoughts for new themes from these kinds of studies. Most students dread this point since they accept they won't present a unimaginable piece of work. Thusly, it's basic to get familiar with the absolute best way to deal with handling this subject. </p> <p>As an outcome, in case you're demoralizing smoking, be quick to utilize solid pieces of proof to back up your case s. Racial slurs should be illicit. </p> <p>The end gives the all out decision of the contention. You may likewise repeat the thoughts that you've talked about in the body passages so as to come to your meaningful conclusion substantial. There's almost no accentuation on the notice message which ought to go with the adverts, and in various situations, there's no notice message at all. Use progress words so as to interface the passages and produce the point stream. </p> <p>There are two essential perils for the individuals who do smoke. Aside from this, numerous people work at cigarette organization. Indeed, even some past high schooler smoking expositions can help you. In western countries, ladies are snared on smoking. </p> <p>School ought to happen in the nighttimes. Understudies should be allowed to ask in school. Guardians ought to address kids about medications at an energetic age. School tests aren't viable. </p> <p>Maybe, in-person sharpening is important to persuade more smo kers to surrender the propensity. Incessant obstructive aspiratory infection (COPD) is among the lung sicknesses because of smoking and it has interminable bronchitis and emphysema. </p> <p>Besides influencing oneself, moreover, it negatively affects others around smokers that is additionally alluded to as recycled smoking. In all actuality, the focal issue associated with smoking is the high measure of mortality among smokers because of a few sicknesses brought about by such a hazardous propensity. Many individuals take an interest in smoking without the awareness of the wellbeing dangers it is credited to. Second significant wellspring of smoking is (MENTAL) which seems, by all accounts, to be a vital perspective for people to discover the propensity. </p> <p>It's simply frenzy and it'll give you disease. Additionally any pregnant ladies that are presented to cigarettes smoke will have a higher danger of having anomalous infant. A great many people today belittle the wellbeing dangers connected with smoking. </p> <h2>The True Meaning of Essay Topics on Smoking </h2> <p>It's not an unquestionable requirement for you to buy the exposition from the business. On the off chance that you are looking for additional thoughts regarding how to create a smoking article, you can connect with a composing organization for help. Logical research and grouped investigations are directed to decide the evil impacts of smoking on human prosperity. You locate a lot of passionate and convincing smoking factious exposition papers on the web. </p>

How to Find the Best UT Application Essay Samples

<h1>How to Find the Best UT Application Essay Samples</h1><p>If you are searching for answers to all the inquiries you have with respect to the UT application paper tests, at that point this is the ideal spot for you. With such a large number of directions and tips that you can discover on the web, it would be unimaginable for you to concoct answers to your inquiries. In any case, there are a few sites that offer free instructional exercises for a paper. In this article, you will find out about these instructional exercises and their effectiveness.</p><p></p><p>The initial step of the UT application paper tests is to pick the correct composing style. This implies you should be acquainted with the sort of composing style that you have to utilize. There are numerous classifications of composing and the one that you pick will rely upon the subject that you need to expound on. For instance, in the event that you need to expound on a point identif ied with the themes in a class, at that point you have to figure out which subject you would need to expound on. There are numerous sites that offer plans to assist you with picking the privilege topic.</p><p></p><p>The second step in the UT application exposition tests is to decide the sort of article you have to compose. The most ideal approach to do this is to investigate on how you can redo your own paper. The vast majority of the sites offer layouts that can be utilized for instance. You would then be able to attempt to change them and make your own one of a kind essay.</p><p></p><p>You can likewise discover clues and tips by perusing and learning about the different approaches to arrange the substance of the paper. It is essential for you to arrange your contemplations with the goal that you can without much of a stretch comprehend what you are composing. A portion of the destinations likewise give tips to composing headers and s ubheaders with the goal that you can without much of a stretch characterize the principle thought of the essay.</p><p></p><p>It is critical to realize how to organize the titles of the messages that you send to your instructors. Before presenting your application, it is constantly suggested that you make a preliminary run first. It is smarter to send some example articles that you as of now have at the top of the priority list. You would then be able to investigate the examples and choose if you are happy with the substance of the mail.</p><p></p><p>Finally, you should exploit the UT application article tests that are given by numerous sites. A significant number of them give exceptional indications and tips to finishing the article. These tips as a rule relate to the pieces of the article, where you can utilize straightforward sentences and passages. Recollect that you can pick any organization of article that you like. On the off cha nce that you can't complete the full-length article all alone, you can generally pick the more supportive tutorial.</p><p></p><p>You can likewise decide on instructional exercises that are offered by mentors. They normally fill in as an author in your group. The coaches will work with you so you will have sufficient opportunity to complete your schoolwork. The greater part of the instructional exercises give definite directions and models with the goal that you can without much of a stretch follow them.</p><p></p><p>Online instructional exercise sites are an incredible asset that you can use so as to finish your assignments quicker. For you to ensure that you are doing it the correct way, you have to learn and see each progression that you have to take so as to compose a viable paper. When you have completed the course, you will have the option to begin finishing your essay.</p>

The College Board Essay

<h1>The College Board Essay</h1><p>Each school board has its own principles and guidelines that every competitor should hold fast to when composing a school board exposition. A ton of them will ask a specific subject which is effectively found in most secondary schools. They at that point study this subject as their task and afterward compose a short article dependent on what they have read.</p><p></p><p>Writing a school board exposition is very simple, and many individuals who might want to figure out how to keep in touch with one to do it routinely. Most understudies experience a similar procedure recorded as a hard copy their articles before they graduate. The article must be written in a reasonable and compact way and furthermore fulfill the guidelines set by the school board.</p><p></p><p>In most cases, the school board's subjects are the subjects that each understudy needs to expound on. They are anything but dif ficult to expound on and much of the time they will let understudies compose an exposition about anything that they need. One thing that makes composing papers troublesome is the topic that understudies need to address. It is on the grounds that most understudies would not realize the specific point in time wherein the composing ought to be done.</p><p></p><p>The topic can change from school load up subjects, for example, presidential decisions to nature. One thing that all understudies should realize when composing their school board paper is the specific date where they were acknowledged to the school. This will assist them with recollecting the date the exposition must be sent to the college.</p><p></p><p>The school board will regularly request that an applicant compose an audit of the previous year. Understudies need to compose something like: 'The previous year has been testing yet fun'. This will enable the school to board compre hend what precisely the competitor has achieved during the past year.</p><p></p><p>Students are required to compose an exposition on either the grounds or in the network that they went to as a component of their school board. The paper must be written in an unmistakable and justifiable way. The focuses that will be tended to will generally be on how the individual can offer types of assistance to the network or grounds. This will be the significant point in the essay.</p><p></p><p>The school board's paper is for both the understudies and the board, and one thing that is constantly significant is the reaction that the understudy needs to send to them. The teacher will give a cutoff time at which the reaction must be gotten. It is additionally imperative that the understudy presents the correct reaction inside the predefined deadline.</p><p></p><p>There are numerous things that a school board will request that an up-and-comer do when they compose a school board article. They are anything but difficult to compose and they will assist everybody with getting progressively acquainted with the prerequisites when composing. They likewise guarantee that the individual who is composing the exposition can compose it with clearness and professionalism.</p>

College Essay Samples - Get Started Writing Your Own Academic Papers

<h1>College Essay Samples - Get Started Writing Your Own Academic Papers</h1><p>College exposition tests are the most ideal approach to begin composing your own scholastic articles. In the event that you haven't taken this course yet, it's likely in light of the fact that you haven't attempted it yet.</p><p></p><p>It can be scary to compose a school article - particularly on the off chance that you've never set aside the effort to do it previously. Nonetheless, a little research can assist you with keeping away from a portion of the regular errors that understudies make and assist you with composing the article you had always wanted. Here are a few hints to assist you with getting started:</p><p></p><p>Use a model - the most ideal approach to begin is by utilizing a model. By contrasting two circumstances that are comparative with each other, you will have the option to get your musings on point. Once in a while, you'l l have the option to perceive how certain words or circumstances may apply to one circumstance in another.</p><p></p><p>Spell check - don't utilize shortenings and incorrect spellings! This can prompt humiliating spelling botches and even irregularities in your paper. Try not to attempt to pull off utilizing these things - they are humiliating and ruin the paper for you.</p><p></p><p>A genuine model or two - one genuine model will help you a ton in beginning. It can likewise assist you with disposing of any language structure or spelling blunders you may have, since you will utilize them as a manual for how you compose your essay.</p><p></p><p>Use an inquiry - one major tip that numerous individuals neglect to consider when composing articles is the means by which to pose an inquiry. A model will help you a great deal in responding to an inquiry or posing to an issue of yourself. For instance, in case you're att empting to make sense of how to summarize something in the best way, you can utilize an inquiry in your essay.</p><p></p><p>Save cash - one of the most exceedingly awful things that you can do is squander cash onwriting supplies. In this way, ensure you put resources into composing papers with the correct supplies, or if nothing else have them promptly accessible when you go to class so you can utilize them.</p>

What Will You Gain By Including A More Specialized Topic In Your College Essay

What Will You Gain By Including A More Specialized Topic In Your College Essay?Writing a college essay is similar to writing a general essay. However, college essays are geared toward more specialized topics. This article takes a closer look at what will you gain by including a more specialized topic. Make sure you don't forget this valuable information on your paper!Writing your essay for college usually requires you to have at least some knowledge of a specific subject. For example, if you were writing an essay on the musical comedy movie Les Miserables, you would need to be familiar with the background of the characters in the film. Otherwise, it may be difficult to write an interesting essay. In addition, some courses require that you write an essay on a particular topic.One of the most common subjects that students are asked to write about is athletics. The majority of colleges and universities want students to write an essay on a particular sport, team or player. Sports themsel ves are generally very complex subjects and they require a great deal of attention. Therefore, it is not surprising that students usually shy away from writing an essay on sports. Instead, students are given the option to write about something else.There are several additional aspects of a sport that students may want to explore. For example, football and basketball have very complicated storylines. Students who love the game can bring all of their knowledge to the essay; however, those students who are not familiar with the nuances of the game may not have any idea what to write.This situation can lead to a lack of interest and a general discussion of non-sports topics. What will you gain by including a more complex topic? Although the topic may be more complex, it can add variety to your paper. Having a greater array of ideas to explore can keep your essay interesting and prevent you from becoming bored with the topic.A new topic may also spark some interest and bring up a myriad of different possibilities for writing an essay. For example, you could discuss the differences between basketball and baseball. You could compare and contrast the teams in the NFL with the NBA. You could talk about the players and coaches of each sport. In addition, you could discuss how each sport has evolved over the years.Although there are many common topics that you can use to write an essay, this may not be the best method for you. You may prefer to write a more unique essay that includes a great deal of your own experience. If you think about the different topics you can include in your essay, it should be easy to pick one to include in your essay.If you are looking for something new to write about, take a look at some of the more unusual and uncommonly useful topics that are commonly used in college essays. Use these as your primary options.

Online Term Paper Writing Service

Online Term Paper Writing ServiceOnline term paper writing service is your best option for a term paper or dissertation. Online services are just as good as an office copywriting service, but you do not have to deal with the hassle of commuting to and from work, you do not have to be stressed because of getting late, and you do not have to worry about having time to write a term paper.Term paper writing services usually take the paper and turn it into a document that can be read by the professor and other students in class. In addition, these services also offer editing, proofreading, and proofreading of the document. You may even be required to submit a written project to help complete the project. When choosing this type of service, make sure to choose one that is reputable and trustworthy, as your reputation will have a big impact on how well your paper is received.Online papers can be lengthy and complex, so be sure to use a professional writer. However, there are also many scams out there that are looking to take advantage of students who are trying to get some extra money. Be careful of companies that advertise low prices and then charge a lot for the service.It is essential that the online service you hire for a term paper writing job have great references and a clean track record. You should look for a company that has a variety of writers, and at least two editors. Make sure to check the references to make sure the person who gave you the references used the service.Another good place to look for a quality service is the university's website. Check to see if the school offers any scholarships or other types of grants to employees who need help. If a school does not offer such support, they may be a cheap service that will not be able to keep up with your needs.When searching for a service, you can find them online or look at bookstores or business offices that have their services listed. Also, ask around at the college where you are enrolled. You may a lso want to get recommendations from your professors.Your personal references are the best way to determine how reliable a service is. A service with references should not let you down on a job, and you should have a guarantee. There should be a hard and fast deadline for a response to your order.To be sure that you are hiring a legitimate service for your online term paper writing project, make sure to check on the references listed, ask if the service has any outstanding issues and check the service's client reviews. Lastly, ask if there are any paid references you can contact.

Child Abuse And It s Connection With Social Work

Child Abuse and It’s Connection with Social Work Amanda Miller SWK 3301-01 Child Abuse and It’s Connection with Social Work â€Å"Childhood should be carefree, playing in the sun; not living a nightmare in the darkness of the soul† (Pelzer, 1995, p. 166). Various discussions, studies, and ethical problems are formed around the topic of child abuse. Child abuse, defined by the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA), is â€Å"any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation†; or â€Å"an act or failure to act which presents an imminent risk of serious harm.† (Gateway, 2013) This leaves a large area for speculation on whether situations are covered under this definition. Nonetheless, child abuse is an unfortunate and growing problem in society today. With several causes such as poverty, parents who do not know any differently, and behavioral issues. These are all areas that social workers deal with on a day to day basis. Why child abuse? There are many outlooks involving values that form social work through ethical, personal, and professional. As far as ethically, social work can become very challenging for the social worker themselves. This is because of the ethical dilemmas emerge in certain cases when social workers have to choose between their duties, values, and rights. These arises due to some of the obligations that are expected of them colliding withShow MoreRelatedThe Connection between Child Abuse and Crime Essay1055 Words   |  5 PagesEvery year, child abuse and neglect affect more than one million children nation-wide (Currie and Tekin 1). Along with this, child abuse is the source of severe injury to more than 500,000 children and the death of over 1,500 children (Currie and Tekin 1). These outrageously large numbers reveal the extent to which child abuse and neglect impact society; however, they do not acknowledge the effect abuse can have on a child’s life and the repercussio ns that may occur in both the individual’s childhoodRead MoreCurrent Event : Child Abuse Prevention909 Words   |  4 PagesCurrent Event – Child Abuse Prevention in Idaho On April 9th, 2015, the Boise, Idaho law enforcement agency, students, and social workers joined in alliance with a total of 200 people kicking off the introduction to the Child Abuse Prevention Month on the Capitol steps in Boise. The Nampa Family Justice Center hosted their first annual child abuse prevention march. The march began at the Caldwell police station and proceeded to the courthouse where participants planted a garden of blue pinwheelsRead MoreA Link Between Foster Care Placement During Childhood And Adult Delinquency1348 Words   |  6 Pagessignificant association on the adult criminality of girls. These findings stand in stark contrast to the poor outcomes reported in earlier work concerning the long-run effects of foster care (Lindquist, M. J., Santavirta, T. 2014). This study uses labeling theory to examine the role that the adolescent legal system involvement may play in initiating a process of social exclusion, leading to higher levels of adult criminal activities among foster youth who have aged out of care. Data is used from theRead More Investigating the Long-Term Effects of Physical Child Abuse Essay1057 Words   |  5 Pagesestimated 905,000 children were victims of child abuse or neglect in 2006(Child Welfare Information Gateway, 2008). In 1996, more than three million victims of suspected abuse were reported to child protective services agencies in the United States (Baker, 2002). The numbers have changed and still many cases of abuse go unreported. The number of incidences of child abuse rises when the family is under stress, such as being in our economy. The effects of physical abuse can last a lifetime and are measuredRead MoreSocial, Academic, And Criminal Development As A Result Of Neglect1681 Words   |  7 PagesSocial, Academ ic, and Criminal Development as a Result of Neglect. Child neglect is a type of abuse that mostly go unreported for different reasons. As indicated by Nemeroff (2016), neglect is characterized as a kind of abuse in which a guardian fails to provide the needed supervision, shelter, clothing, medical care, education, and food to their children. It is said that because of this a child’s safety, health, and well-being are threatened with harm (Nemeroff, 2016). Neglect is usually less studiedRead MoreThe Core Value Of Social Justice Essay1704 Words   |  7 Pages Social Justice Similarly, the core value of social justice is defined in the context of ethical principles as that of social workers challenging social injustices. In working with a client like Vivi, a moral dilemma would arise which would have the potential to affect society as a whole by depriving others of the peace, equality, and treatment deserved by all human beings. Also, as a federally mandated reporter, a workers professional ethics and an individual’s personal set of standards can becomeRead MoreSibling Visitation in Foster Care646 Words   |  3 Pages Preserving and maintaining sibling ties and relationships has been an ongoing problem in the foster care system. Hegar (2005) states that â€Å"since the decades when orphans trains carried children westward, placement of siblings has been a child welfare issue† (p.719). Studies have noted the inadequate number of siblings in foster care being placed together date back as far as 1921 (Theis and Goodrich, 1921). Research a nd legislative efforts to address the problem of separation of siblings in fosterRead MoreChild Abuse And Children All Over The World1689 Words   |  7 PagesChild abuse happens to children all over the world. There are four different types of child abuse. physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse and child neglect. Approximately 5 children die everyday because of child abuse. child abuse can physically and mentally harm a child by having Symptoms of nightmares, depression, and isolation. These symptoms can continue into adulthood. â€Å"one out of three girls and one out of five boys will be sexually abused before they reach age 18†. nobody knows whatRead MoreMedia Influence On The Media993 Words   |  4 Pagesand emotions the individual has in connection to that conduct. Each general public controls the sexuality of its individuals, by implanting it in the organizations of family, religion, and law. The center social game plan inside of the organization of the fami ly is the conjugal relationship. Contemporary examinations of sexuality underline that sexuality is not simply an organic wonder whose character is the same crosswise over time and space; it is likewise a social build. Who participates in sexualRead MoreAnswers on Questions Regarding the Relationship between Violence and Child Development1338 Words   |  5 Pagesconsidered to be unacceptable. Corporal punishment may occur in the homes, schools or judicial settings. (Donnelly Murray, 2005) One of the greatest debates that are surrounding corporal punishment is whether it should be used or not while raising a child. Those who are against this form of punishment claim that it teaches children to become more aggressive and that studies have shown that spanking leads to negative behaviors in children including antisocial behaviors, moral internalization and inappropriate

The Scare free essay sample

â€Å"Bend your fingers back as far as you can. Stretch your arms out like a bird. Open your mouth.† This is the best doctor’s appointment ever. I had not received any shots, and in my ten-year-old mind, that constituted a successful visit The Italian side of my family hadn’t seen anybody who was as skinny as me. I would get the â€Å"Andrew, eat more, you look sickly† comment every time I went to my grandma’s house, but it didn’t bother me. Later, I found out why everybody was a little uneasy about a skinny tall kid in the family again. After the â€Å"pet human tests† at the doctor, I was stuck in another lobby, but I was happy. In my ten-year-old mind, all that mattered was that they had computers that I could play games on, a forbidden act at my house. They then called my name, and the doctor brought me into a room with a TV in it. We will write a custom essay sample on The Scare or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He told me it wouldn’t hurt a bit, and for once, that was actually true. I got to lay there and watch a movie while they rubbed my chest with a massager. It did not hurt, and was actually fairly enjoyable. This test concluded my testing, and I got to go home. My parents were full of praise for me, and I had no idea why. It took six years for me to fully understand what the tests were for. They were tests to see if I had Marfan syndrome, a disease that indicates a fatal heart defect. And the worst part? I fit the characteristics. Marfan syndrome is in the family. Two of my father’s cousins died in their twenties from Marfan syndrome. They were tall, skinny, and flexible . . . like me. We are the only members of the family to break six feet. The odds were against me. Originally, my parents were able to ease me by telling me the tests were negative. But they reignited the worry sophomore year when they said they wanted to get me tested again. This time around, I was ful ly aware of what was going on and of the possible consequences of the results. I wanted to be the same ignorant ten-year-old I was for the first tests. Back when I first was administered the tests, time in the waiting room went by rapidly. But now, it was the opposite. Thankfully, our worry was for nothing, as the test came back negative. Still, seeing cardiologists and having echocardiograms had an effect on me. Prior to this experience, nothing bad had happened in my life, and as a result, I took life for granted. This experience brought my family and I closer together. They were there supporting me throughout the process, and they were the only people who knew what I was going through. I realized how fragile life is, so now I try to make the most of my days.

What to Do About Critical Thinking Psychology Topics Essay

What to Do About Critical Thinking Psychology Topics Essay Top Critical Thinking Psychology Topics Essay Secrets To begin with, you have to try to remember an essay is usually shorter, and that means you won't have an opportunity to let your thoughts wander and hop from 1 topic to another. You don't need to understand what you consider your topic when you begin writing your critical thinking essay. After that, describe how are you going to deal with the subject of your paper. Pick an intriguing essay topic, and you'll start enjoying it. At any time you catch yourself feeling captivated by somebody's essay or article, take a good look at it. Everything is easy, enter the important words for your essay and choose the category and you've got yourself a wonderful title. If you select a topic that the reader doesn't have any interest in whatsoever, it is not likely they will get anything positive out of it. Chancing upon a topic for your study can be hard, but there are many gr eat methods to think of intriguing ideas. Ideas, Formulas and Shortcuts for Critical Thinking Psychology Topics Essay Critical thinking is a significant skill set to have in society since it allows other people to find that you can comprehend a topic beyond its surface level. Your life will be harder, at the base of the dominance hierarchies that you'll inevitably inhabit, and you will receive old fast. Making decisions isn't simple and can only be accomplished through practice and time. Decision making is a significant skill in critical thinking for the reason that it requires you to choose which choice is the very best or most useful among the many available alternatives. The Do's and Don'ts of Critical Thinking Psychology Topics Essay If you're thinking that you require a person to compose my essay at this time, you can just rely on our honest reviews. So whenever you are writing an essay, you're harnessing the complete might of culture to your life. A good way to form a correct argumentative essay is to deal with it like a debate or conversation, when you should assert your perspective. Critical thinking essays demand a deep thought procedure and its effectiveness can be decided by your passion towards this issue. Critical Thinking Psychology Topics Essay for Dummies You also want to select a topic based on your intended audience. Among the places where I feel I have needed to use my critical thinking skills is in the region of gauging information on the Internet. The information will aid your reader understand the essence of the job under analysis. The next step is going to be the research details. Things You Won't Like About Critical Thinking Psychology Topics Essay and Things You Will Before start, you may read few distinct guides about how to compose a vital essay. So now you know the essentials of critical thinking, let's put it to good use and find out how it's applied in a genuine essay. You might write an excellent essay when it comes to content, but in case you have grammar mistakes or your answers aren't relating to the questions, say farewell to your good grade. Essays written at the previous minute, suffer from the absence of logic and bad grammar. The History of Critical Thinking Psychology Topics Essay Refuted For example, if you write a crucial analysis of a book, you might analyze the tone of its text and discover how it influences the general significance of the book. By abiding By the fundamental rules of critical thinking, you will be in a position to compose an essay that's compelling, persuasive, and logical. Once more bear in mind that references must be in alphabetical order according to surname. Then you'll have your map for writing and can begin with the initial portion of your essay. Ruthless Critical Thinking Psychology Topics Essay Strategies Exploited To be able to realize that you're working with a crucial analysis, you've got to bear in mind that analysis means breaking down and studying of the parts. To summarize, the idea of situated knowledges is valuable to the crucial evaluation of SP. To conclude, solving the issue of consistency across CT conceptualisation, training, and measure is no simple job. The New Fuss About Critical Thinking Psychology Topics Essay It's rather difficult to compose critical thinking paper and you have to follow along with several rules to be sure your assignment is completed according to all the guidelines and recommendations. Bear in mind that you need to avoid any type of opinion or bias when you compose a research paper. After that you've got to spell out how the quote is related to the thesis, here you need to ask yourself so how does this relate to my thesis. You will write a better essay and cannot experience stress if you commence writing earlier than the previous night. Other instances, like in an abnormal psychology training course, might ask that you compose your paper on a particular subject like a psy chological disorder. With this kind of a wide definition, it's not surprising that educators have suggested many different specific cognitive skills as contributing to critical thinking. You may also choose a topic that's related to some kind of mental illness or mental disorders. Unfortunately, research to compare different strategies for teaching critical thinking doesn't settle the issue. On how to compose a vital analysis paper, you ought to be in a position to express your opinions basing from experience. It's full of different ideas, all which will fight to dominate. You have to reveal your critical thinking abilities and make judgments about the subject as you analyze a post, so it's possible to develop clear opinion and conclusions. Make sure you know of the type of topics your instructor would like you to deal with. Most students make the error of writing an excessive amount of knowledge and inadequate evaluation (which is the challenging bit).

Essay Structure, Style and Thesis Generator - My Topics for Essay Structure, Style and Thesis Generator

Essay Structure, Style and Thesis Generator - My Topics for Essay Structure, Style and Thesis GeneratorMy Topics are a little bit different than most textbooks. I'm always going to be teaching. With this in mind, I wanted to find a way to automate some of the things that I do in my lessons, including the very processes that have meant so much to me.What I discovered is that I can actually allow my students to build their own custom topics using My Topics. In fact, it's so simple you will wonder why I didn't think of it sooner.So how do I use My Topics for my student? The best way is to find a question for each topic and then run them through the built-in thesis generator. This means that your student will be able to build their own topic in about 10 minutes. So what makes these topics special?Firstly, they're all on topical topics (the science of subjects). Secondly, they are written as direct sentences and paragraphs, rather than 'paragraph form' which is a style that has its origin s in the 4th grade. And thirdly, they are written in the conversational style (as opposed to the analytical style which is more associated with English composition).You can then choose which topic you want for the whole class to work on, as there is a preset category for this. The topics that you write for your students are all directed to the main theme of the class and usually address an idea, concept group. The topic generators will put together some simple paragraphs about the topic, such as 'Einstein's theory of relativity.'Next, you'll learn how to go about writing your own articles (which is a little bit like having a professor's world view) on your own topic. These articles can be made in a variety of ways. You can build the paragraphs with a built-in thesis generator, or you can use the built-in paragraph tool.Finally, using My Topics for essay structure, style and thesis generator enables you to organize your own lessons to reflect your own thinking, views and opinions abo ut the subject matter. You can start writing in class or on the fly, whenever you're interested. Then you can send the material over to your students for them to use.So far, the most powerful use of this technology is in your assignments, especially if you're a student who is eager to write on whatever topic that comes to mind. I hope that these ideas have helped you. If not, I'll be happy to give you any help you might need, either online or in person.

The Ultimate Essay Topics for Song yet Sung Trick

The Ultimate Essay Topics for Song yet Sung Trick You don't need to stick to your very first idea. Let's help the surroundings by. We have to emphasize the significance of being organized to make your thoughts simple to comprehend. Essay Topics for Song yet Sung Options Maintain a notebook handy and earn a list so that you always have one when you're all set to write. The music from different gospels together with the Christian Country Music is easily the most well-known kinds of music in the usa. This isn't plagiarism, when you create new songs based on the job of others. Any of them are amazing themes to have you started. A theme is an overall idea of what you would like to write about. Just take a song that's meaningful with you, and describe the fundamental topic as succinctly as possible. For many songwriters, picking a song topic is the largest problem they face. Nevertheless, I would argue there are some essential lessons to be gleaned from these examples. Refer back to your thesis sentence often to be sure the words you're making up still support your primary idea. I would have liked to get essay during this time period. Writing an ideal film critique essay is nonetheless not uncomplicated. The pre-recorded voice permits them to sing along and yet take part in the shows. In this instance, none of your listeners will have the ability to comprehend where the chorus begins. The emotion is so sincere, however, that even listeners who don't know Arabic will connect with this. This is sort of a disappointment that the previous song on t he A-side becomes serious. What You Must Know About Essay Topics for Song yet Sung Although many would say that in the book it's crude too, it's wittier than it is crude. The target of a movie review is to give a thorough idea about what the movie entails to help the reader or audience in making an honest choice. Even though the movie review outline example is a superior reference piece, there are many methods to compose a movie review. A vital movie review example is a great selection of how you're able to access the shortcomings portrayed by the movie and back your claims with factual evidence. For instance, you could have a G3 G5 set of codes. To assist you do that, we've provided a movie review example cache to function as a guide in understanding how to start crafting an outstanding paper. If you continue without changing your settings, we will assume that you're happy to get all cookies on this site. Even though there aren't many topics which has been used more than others are, This list can go on. Hearsay, Lies and Essay Topics for Song yet Sung You will be asked to deliver a logical argument regarding the degree of creativity shown by the actors. In the play there's also a huge quantity of crude humor. It's your responsibility to discover distinctive and compelling methods for presenting these thoughts and concepts through your words and music. Authors develop characters in a multitude of ways, but among the strongest methods to come up with a character is via his actions. You will be drowning in it. Only the sensation which you feel, that makes you feel the audio bleeding via your soul. The very truth that your specific words, melodies and lyrics will differ from every other song out there might be all the innovation you demand. Ideal for everyone who loves punk, Blues or all the above mentioned. Hundreds of hit songs are written employing these chord progressions. We have, obviously, only touched the face of the subjects that may inspire you to make a song. Keep in mind, everything is fluid now. As you have lyrics ready, it's time to think of the melodic structure. In that case song doesn't appear on air or television channels and thus isn't a component of the highest music charts of a nation or state. The 5-Minute Rule for Essay Topics for Song yet Sung Knowing so, you can readily see why lots of individuals depend on air conditioning. Many Buddhist sculptures, reaching a couple of stories made from bronze, were then destroyed as a result of coin shortage. The 2 armies clash on a huge battlefield. Possessing a baby to manage also decreases the probabil ity of workers striking or staging some type of meaningful rebellion to wage slavery. Audiences want something specific. Dancing is a huge portion of my life because I've been doing it for 5 decades and I truly enjoy it. Cookie Policy We use cookies to be certain that we give you the ideal experience on the site.

Sample of a Word Essay

Sample of a Word EssayMost students are under the impression that they should be able to write a sample of a word essay on almost any topic. This is not true. Writing a good sample of a word essay does take some time and careful thought.Students should first learn how to write a sentence. Once this is learned, they can then move on to learning how to write an entire essay. It is important for students to understand that the writing process is a two-step process. The first step is to begin writing, and the second step is to make sure that all the material that is written is presentable.Grammar is extremely important when writing. In fact, it is necessary to always use grammar in order to be able to learn how to write an essay. By using a grammar check program, it is possible to catch all the grammatical errors that students may make when writing.A sample of a word essay can be written in several different styles. Most people are familiar with the standard format, which includes the fi rst person, which tells a story from the point of view of the writer. An introduction will then follow this, followed by two parts, called a preamble and a body.The preamble, or introduction, will introduce the speaker to the listener and will introduce what the speaker has to say. It will then tell how long the piece will be and include the name of the author. In addition, it may also include the time and place of the presentation, as well as any audience participation requirements.The body will then include the main points of the piece, which is usually three to five short paragraphs. These paragraphs will usually contain all the information that was discussed in the introduction. The preamble will usually continue to the conclusion of the essay. The conclusion may consist of a conclusion statement, a discussion of the conclusion, and a discussion of any conclusions that were reached.Some schools have begun to require that students complete this type of essay. Students who do not have the skill to complete a perfect essay do not generally get the grade they need to advance to the next level of education. Thus, it is best to at least attempt to write a sample of a word essay before attempting to write one that is of a higher level.Most students who do not know how to write a sample of a word essay will simply rely on their teacher to help them write one. This is very problematic, because the teacher cannot give the student direction, and the student will not likely be able to answer questions about his or her essay on the spot. In this case, students should consult a professional who can help them write a high quality sample of a word essay.

Tao Te Ching Essays - Taoism, Tao Te Ching, Laozi, Tao, De

Tao Te Ching "The Ancient Masters were profound and subtle. Their wisdom was unfathomable. There is no way to describe it; all we can describe is their appearance." "The best athlete wants his opponent at his best. The best general enters the mind of his enemy. The best businessman serves the communal food. The best leader follows the will of the people ." The teachings from the book, Tao Te Ching helped influence both the social and moral aspects of the Chinese way of life. The teachings have provided hope, and inspiration for the Chinese people. In ancient China, the people were self-providing farmers who lived exclusively off the land. They rarely took the time to intermingle with their neighbors, and the family stood independently. The people had little knowledge about the outside world and had no desire to learn. Far travel was avoided at all costs, due to the strong attachment to one's own home. The people believed that, "No man could be full grown without his roots in his home ." The people referred to their homes as "tien, yuan, lu mo", which meant fields, gardens, houses, graves. The Chinese thought that the causes of crime were soldiers and wanderers. They were considered evil beings for venturing away from they home. The people believed that all things, living and un-living, had spirits in them. They felt that the spirits if disturbed, could drastically affect one's life. They used amulets, spells, prayers, incantations, and special rites to ward of misfortune. This is a direction to a later Lao Tzu's teaching stating, "Practice not-doing, and everything will fall into place ." The home did not limit its members to the current living members; the dead and the future were also considered family. Around 650BC, during the Chou Dynasty, the value of knowledge changed. Although communication between towns was still difficult, many Sages were in desire of knowledge. Some of the most well known sages were; Mencius, Mo Tzu, Confucius, and Lao Tzu, the author of Tao Te Ching. Confucius wrote about the problems of man, and proposed many solutions. He also wrote about authority and respect, and proposed "submissiveness." His works helped influence the way that government was run, and Confucius actively participated in government. His teachings were present in the Chinese government for many years, until the belief in Tao. A sage named Lao Tzu created the Tao religion. Very little is known about Lao Tzu. Even the meaning of his name is a mystery; "the Old Master" or "the Old Boy"? The only thing we do know about Lao Tzu is that he wrote the book, TAO TE CHING, and created a thought revolution. His reference to the eternal force he called Tao, gave people inspiration, and a new method of thinking. Lao Tzu described Tao as, "The Tao that can be told is not the eternal Tao. The name that can be named is not the eternal Name. The unnamable is the eternally real. Naming is the origin of all particular things. Free from desire, you realize mystery. Caught in desire, you see only the manifestations. Yet mystery and manifestations arise from the same source. Darkness within darkness. The gateway to all understanding. " and later went on to say, "The Tao is infinite, eternal. Why is it eternal? It was never born; thus it can never die. Why is it infinite? It has no desires for itself; thus it is present for all beings. " Taoism believed in little governmental interference. This is best described through the belief that, "the meek would inherit the earth. ". Another example would be from the passage by Lao Tzu stating, "Throw away holiness and wisdom, and the people will be a hundred time happier. Throw away morality and justice, and the people will do the right thing. Throw away industry and profit, and there won't be any thieves. " Taoism is most described as that which is striving for equality. The thought of remaining in the middle, is the general belief in Taoism. . The creation of Yin and Yang derived from the belief of Tao. Tao is not only tangible things, but also what cannot be comprehended. What cannot be seen is also know as the ultimate principle or truth. Tao proposed a new thought pattern for the Chinese people. The people now realized that they need each other. "Being and non-being create each other. Difficult and easy support each other. Long and short define each other. High and low depend on each other. Before and

Mystical Experience as an Expression of the Idealizing Self object Need †Theology Paper

Mystical Experience as an Expression of the Idealizing Self object Need – Theology Paper Free Online Research Papers Mystical Experience as an Expression of the Idealizing Self object Need Theology Paper As the other in the religious conversion is perfect and infallible, the experience of merger achieves the felt quality of perfection rendering the transformed self perfect as well. The merger with God may offer the opportunity for a relationship that circumvents the demands of relationships with separate others who have wishes and needs of their own. (Ullman, 1989, p.147.) Introductory Comments about Religion and Psychology Throughout history human beings have reported experiences interpreted variously as spiritual, transcendent, religious, or mystical. Karen Armstrong (1993) called this an arresting characteristic of the human mind and a fact of life (p. xxi). Rudolph Otto (1923) referred to homo religiosus as a way of describing this uniquely human interest in the divine. Rolland challenged Freud about his omission of this aspect of religious experience in Future of an Illusion (1927). Freuds response was dismissive on two counts: first and most interesting, he had not experienced this oceanic feeling, and secondly, he thought it could be understood as a regressive phenomenon originating in infantile maternal longings. Laski (1961) wrote about the rare joy and feeling of contact with ultimate meaning of transcendent origin in ecstatic experiences. These experiences were not restricted to particular religious triggers. Maslow (1964; 1966) investigated peak experiences of contact with th e holy or sacred, the beauty of nature, and feelings of harmony with the universe. These were not rare and exotic experiences, but rather the pinnacle of his need hierarchy. And most recently, Jeffrey Rubin (1996; 1997) describes non-self-centered subjectivity: . . . a psychological-spiritual phenomenon that is implicated in a range of adaptive contexts . . . It is something many people have experienced, for example, creating art, participating in athletics or religious experiences, or in love. It is characterized by heightened attentiveness, focus, and clarity, attunement to the other as well as to self, non-self-preoccupied exercise of agency, a sense of unity and timelessness, and non-self-annulling immersion in whatever one is doing in the present (1997, p. 80) For the purpose of this chapter, I have chosen to delimit this range of experiences to particular kinds of mystical experiences in which there is an element of what Evelyn Underhill (1912) called the unitive feeling what is psychologically called a merger experience. Ellwood (1999) regards mysticism as an interpretive category and defines it as: . . . experience in a religious context that is immediately or subsequently interpreted by the experiencer as a direct, unmediated encounter with ultimate divine reality. This experience engenders a deep sense of unity and suggests that during the experience the experiencer was living on a level of being other than the ordinary. (p. 39) The attempt to understand mysticism psychologically has a history as long as psychology itself beginning with the French psychopathology tradition, continuing into German studies in psychology of religion, and on to the American psychologists of religion working at the turn of the twentieth century. James Leuba, a member of the Clark school (a program in religious psychology founded by G. Stanley Hall in the late 1800s), was convinced that religious experience lacked a transcendent object and could be explained entirely by psycho-physiological processes. He was perhaps the only American at the time to take such a strict point of view. There were many apologists. Henri Delacroix (1908) thought mystics possess a special aptitude for a rich subconscious life and that the stages of a mystics life represent new and creative existence. While not exactly an apologist, Theodore Flournoy (1903a), Swiss psychologist and friend of William James, suggested the principle of the exclusion of the transcendent as necessary for a genuine psychology of religion. He argued psychologists are not in a position to affirm or reject the independent existence of a religious object and should confine themselves to observation and understanding. The Gifford Lectures of 1901-1902 resulted in the premier psychology of religion at the time, William James The Varieties of Religious Experience. James assumed the same stance toward the religious object as Flournoy, and so have many others since. In psychoanalytic circles, Rizzutos Birth of the Living God (1979) has already become classic. She explains her position:This book is exclusively a clinical, psychoanalytical study of postulated superhuman beings as experienced by those who do and do not believe in them Questions about the actual existence of God do not pertain here. My method enables me to deal only with psychic experiences. Those among my patients who believe are unshakeable in their conviction that God is a very live person. To understand them I must accept that belief as a reality to them. (1979, pp. 3-4) More recent psychoanalytic treatments of religion, notably those of Jones (1991) and Rubin (1996; 1997) have called for a mutually (if not reciprocal) influencing relationship. Psychoanalysis is challenged by religion to examine its own idolatries, values, self-care ethic, and pathologizing tendencies. Religion is challenged to examine its uncritical self-idealization and the ways in which its practices and beliefs may promote or sustain psychopathology. Wulff calls for the principle of inclusion of the transcendent to give transcendence the prominence it deserves without reifying it or identifying it with any one tradition or set of symbols (1997, p. 645). Self psychology represents an example of a moderate position in its interpretation of religion, and suggests in contrast to the previous positions, that religious experience, belief and practice may be understood as an expression of the state of the self and its particular life-long needs for a sense of being special, a need for the experience of alikeness, and a need for affiliation with the admired. These selfobject needs for mirroring, twinship, and idealization may all be operative in mystical experiences and in experiences of the divine, as well as in adherence to particular religious beliefs and practices. Self Psychology with its developmental trajectories for each selfobject need, recognizes that the mere presence of religion does not automatically convey the meaning, function, or derivation of the experience within the personality. Clinicians countertransference or confusion about how to deal with the material, often results in religion being pathologized or ignored. Her ein lies the relevance of Meissners (1984) observation that many religious people are very anxious about exploring the unconscious dimensions of their faith, lest it be psychologized away, and the relevance of Kohuts observation that the insights of the psychology of the self enable us to shed our intolerant attitude toward religion . . . (1978). This chapter will explore certain aspects of mystical experience as an expression of the idealizing selfobject need. Kohuts developmental continuum of idealization will be reviewed with attention to optimal developmental experience and to expressions of pathological (or archaic) forms of idealization. The cases of Mr. X and Mr. U in Restoration (1977) and the implications of the idealizing selfobject need for a psychology of mystical/religious/spiritual experience are considered. The chapter concludes with the clinical vignette of Mr. S, the mystical experience he reported in light of the selfobject needs expressed inside and outside the treatment, and a series of questions for. The Idealizing Selfobject Need and Its Relation to Religious Experience In discussing the selfobject functions of religion, Kohut gave more attention to idealization than to mirroring or twinship. In some ways, idealization has the most obvious link to religion with its fundamental desire to merge with or affiliate oneself with the calming perfection and omnipotence of the selfobject. The object of mystical experience is often described with reference to power and perfection. The need or motivation for idealizing selfobject experience derives from the childs experience of the loss of his or her original sense of narcissistic perfection. The idealizing need reflects one strategy to the problem of recovering a sense of perfection. The self attempts to merge or affiliate with the perfect other sharing in the others perfection, thereby protecting oneself from an empty and depleted sense of a defective self. A more technical definition is offered in Analysis of the Self (1971):It is the state in which, after being exposed to the disturbance of the psycho logical equilibrium of primary narcissism, the psyche saves a part of the lost experience of global narcissistic perfection by assigning it to an archaic, rudimentary (transitional) self-object, the idealized parental imago. (p. 37) The idealizing experience and related inevitable disappointments in life (optimal frustrations) result in the internalization of basic values and ideals. In addition, the earliest merger experiences provide the foundation for development of the capacity to calm and soothe oneself, to manage anxiety without undue difficulty, to regulate inner tension. Eating disorders, substance abuse, compulsive sexual activity, and perhaps delinquent behavior are all evidence, at least in part, of a deficit in the capacity to soothe oneself, and by inference, of an early disturbance in the experience of the idealized selfobject. The Developmental Continuum of the Idealizing Need The earliest point on the developmental trajectory of the idealizing selfobject need is experienced by the infant as a merger with the stable, calm, non-anxious, powerful, wise, protective selfobject that possesses the qualities the self lacks (Wolf, 1988, p. 55). Kohut (1971) described the experience of the child feeling bereft and insignificant without constant union with the selfobject who possesses these idealized qualities. Development progresses toward being able to recognize details of the environment more clearly; and beyond being able to love and hate (Kohut, 1971, p.38). The later, or more mature end of the continuum is illustrated by the capacity to be sustained by and to feel secure in the empathic resonance (rather than merger) with the idealized selfobject. The calming functions and ideals of the selfobject have been internalized and assimilated, becoming psychological structures within the self. Imperfections are observed in (reality) without resorting to splittin g defenses in which everything is either all good or all bad. The self learns to recognize and accept that the ideal is not ideal (Kohut in Elson, 1987, p. 81). Merger with the idealized selfobject and the requirement of perfection in the other gradually give way to a clearer and more realistic sense of the surround. This occurs through a process of de-idealization and transmuting internalization in which the child experiences incremental disappointments in an empathic environment and becomes increasingly realistic about the idealized parent imago. Kohut suggested, for example, that the experience of a childs undetected lie by the parents introduces the fact that the parents are not omniscient. Kohut also speculated that a maturational readiness to perform the function, as well as some withdrawal of the function by the selfobject would enhance the more mature development of the idealizing need (Kohut in Elson, 1987, p.98). To summarize, the developmental trajectory of the idealized selfobject experience begins in a merger with the perfect other in an effort to manage tension regulation and feelings of insignificance and imperfection. In the oedipal phase, acceptance of the childs idealizing needs plays a crucial role in superego formation and in the formation of gender identity. In adolescence and young adulthood, more advanced cognitive development permits the recognition of parental shortcomings. Often, idealization needs are directed to the peer group and popular culture until the adolescent and young adult have internalized his or her own set of ideals, values, and goals. Wolf noted the adolescents own values consist of partly parental, partly cultural, and partly a critique of both (1988, p. 58). In old age, there is a need to idealize community and to be confirmed as an especially valuable guide and model for the communitys ideals (Wolf, 1988, p. 60). Effects of Developmentally Inadequate Idealization Experience Generally speaking, insufficient empathy for the childs idealizing needs results in the continuation of archaic expressions of idealization into adulthood. Insufficient empathy may be characterized by a rejection of the childs idealizations, or by sudden loss of or extensive disappointment in the idealized selfobject, such as may occur in situations of divorce, substance abuse, domestic violence, or death. Wolf described the ideal-hungry personality as being able to experience him or herself worthwhile only by finding selfobjects to whom they can look up and by whom they can feel accepted (Wolf, 1988, p. 73). It is worth noting here that Ullman (1989) observed many converts were struggling with feelings of unworthiness and low-self-esteem prior to their religious or spiritual experiences. Excessive frustration in infancy and early childhood may result in difficulty sleeping (self-soothing) and difficulty managing anxiety. Traumatic disappointment up to and through the oedipal phase seriously interferes with the capacity to assume functions related to positive idealizing experiences (i.e., structuralization) and may result in a kind of developmental fixation, a renewed insistence on, and search for, an external object of perfection (Kohut, 1971, p. 44). There can be gross identification with the lost parent rather than an internalizing of structure (identification as a counter to the experience of mourning, Freud, 1917 E). In Restoration of the Self (1977), Kohut discussed the case of Mr. U in which there was significant failed maternal empathy and the development of a fetish. An attempt to idealize the father followed. The idealizing function the mother might have allowed Mr. U, as an infant, was a merger with her strength and calmness, thus assisting him to develop a capacity for self-soothing. Instead he resorted to stroking his own skin and the soft selfobject surrogates of his fetish. The turn to the father at this juncture is considered a secondary idealization. The father rejected Mr. Us attempts to use him as an idealized parent imago and therefore Mr. U had no opportunity to obtain self-soothing structures through this potential merger, nor any opportunity to incrementally experience de-idealizations allowing integration of the selfobjects shortcomings. This resulted in two opposite responses to the disappointment: 1) Mr. U became despairing and hopeless about an unreachable ideal, and 2 ) the ideal was regarded as worthless; he became superior to it (Kohut, 1977, pp. 56-57). The archaic grandiose self was reactivated in response to the injury of being rebuffed by the idealized parent imago. Kohuts further notation has relevance for understanding the function of religious experience. Mr. U created,. . . a psychological situation of merger with a nonhuman selfobject that he totally controlled, and thereby deprived himself of the opportunity to experience the structure-building optimal failures of a human selfobject. (1977, p.56) In a similar vein, Kohut (1984) revisited this notion of creating substitute selfobjects through visual imagery when there seemed to be no plausible selfobjects in ones environment. Specifically, he suggested a self psychology refinement of the concept of regression-in-service-of-the-ego and spoke of a positive evaluation of the capacity to conjure up the presence of individuals [in order] to carry out acts of supreme courage (Kohut, 1984, p. 76). He had in mind martyred resisters to the Nazis. In noting the selfobject transference in the treatment situation as a new edition of the relation between the self and selfobject in early life, Kohut reported several cases with religious preoccupations. In one case he was treating (during the early stages of his self psychology theory development), Kohut consistently refused the patients idealization. She became deeply religious and continued the unresolved idealizing transference in an intense religious experience (Kohut in Elson, 1987, p. 77). Regarding his work with a young man whose idealized father died when he was nine years old, and who expressed interest in the figures of Gandhi, Jesus, and Martin Luther King, Kohut concluded, There is a shift from the attempt to regain a lost personified strong ideal to a religious-like drifting attitude toward the world (Kohut in Elson, 1987, p. 286). It was Kohuts experience that when a treatment ended with an incompletely analyzed idealizing transference, the patient often became preoccupied with religion or broad religious attitudes. Kohut explicitly said he was not adverse to religion, but that in some patients he felt the religious interest was psychologically obligatory and not freely chosen. In one case, the religious interest was maintained all the time against reality resulting in a pollyannaish attitude that everyone was good, an attitude that mitigated against a more needed realism in the patients job and his hiring practices (Kohut in Elson, 1987, p. 287). In Restoration (1977), the case of Mr. X illustrates again the pathological implications of an inadequate idealized parent imago. He presented himself to Kohut with an interest in joining the Peace Corps and with a Christ-identification, both of which Kohut came to regard as the carriers of an archaic grandiose self. One aspect of his difficulties had been the mothers interference with Mr. Xs idealization of his father. The structural defects that resulted were dealt with by concretized erotic enactments. For example, Mr. X. would feel suffused with idealized masculine strength when he imagined himself crossing his penis with the penis of the priest as he was receiving the Host. Kohut understood it necessary to shift Mr. X from an addictive erotic representation to a reactivation in the transference of Mr. Xs relation to his father, the idealized selfobject. This required shedding the Christ-identification his mother had fostered in her Bible reading to him and simultaneously di sengaging the father-surrogate, God, which had represented his mothers unconscious imago of her own father (1977, p. 218). While Kohut theorized the possibility that participating in religion or spirituality could meet appropriate selfobject needs, it is clear that he also viewed involvement in things religious as potentially serving pathological or defensive functions within the personality. Implications for Religious Belief and Experience The developmental fate of the idealized parent imago, whether mature or archaically vulnerable to narcissistic injury, may find expression in some form of spirituality. Whether in particular theological beliefs or in varieties of religious experience, the need to affiliate with perfection can often be observed in both the characterizations of the divine as well as in the emotional longings which precede many conversion experiences. Ullman (1989) interviewed converts to Catholicism, Judaism, Hinduism, and the Bahai faith and concluded that the religious realities of these converts consisted primarily of the promise of unconditional love and protection by a figure perceived as infallible, rather than in an ideological search for the truth (p. 191). Kohut introduced the consideration of mystical experience and nature religion in his discussion of archaic idealizing needs and the concept of fuzzy idealism. He noted two expressions of fuzzy idealism in religious experience. The first related to what he called vague religious preoccupations which lacked focus upon a clearly delimited admired figure (1971, p. 85). As noted above, idealizing transferences deflected by the therapist that remain unengaged in the treatment sometimes resulted in the patients turn to religion or spirituality. The predisposition for such a turn related to early developmental disruptions in the idealized selfobject experience. Secondly, the early loss of or traumatic disappointment in an idealized figure sometimes resulted later in an interest in nature religion or philosophy (e.g., Thoreaus work). The appeal of these experiences is the absence of a human being experienced as selfobject who may disappoint again. The fuzziness of these idealizations p rotects the believer from a certain form of narcissistic injury while at the same time providing a needed experience of idealization. Kohut also observed the not infrequent presence of a tendency to mystical merger experiences in archaic expressions of the idealizing selfobject need. The dynamic of merger was the key focus for Kohut and suggested to him a response to earlier developmental expressions of this selfobject need. It is significant to note that he discussed both healthy and pathological forms of merger. Healthy merger must be initiated from the mature aspect of the personality, should not be the only automatic response to stress, should be controlled and controllable, should be a choice, and should be capable of tolerating delay (Kohut in Elson, 1987). In contrast, pathological merger experiences in adulthood are a response to the inadequately fulfilled, phase appropriate merger needs of childhood. Kohut noted that in actual behavior, though there is a longing for an intense archaic merger experience, the more typical protective response is a strict avoidance of circumstances and experiences that mi ght provoke a feared regression and a loss of control. In psychology of religion studies, there is basic agreement as to the major characteristics of mystical experience regardless of era or tradition (James, 1902; Underhill, 1911; Leuba, 1925; Otto, 1923; Stace, 1961; Hood, 1975, 1977, 1978; Ellwood 1999). James concluded The Varieties with an observation about mysticism: personal religious experience has its root and centre in mystical states of consciousness (p.292). He had suggested four marks that justify the name of mystical: 1) ineffability the experience is difficult to articulate (p. 292); 2) noetic quality new states and depths of insight which are ususally authoritative for the individual (p. 293); 3) transiency the experience lasts no more than one-two hours; 4) passivity . . . the mystic feels as if his [or her] own will were in abeyance, and indeed sometimes as if he [or she] were grasped and held by a superior power. (p. 293) An additional characteristic discussed is union. This overcoming of all the usual barriers between the individual and the Absolute is the great mystic achievement. In mystic states we both become one with the Absolute and we become aware of our oneness (1902, p. 321). Following a review of the literature, Ellwood concluded, . . . what the pattern finally says is simply that there is a direction toward union in the serious spiritual life. While common motifs may appear, no two advances toward union are the same (1999, p. 175). A few brief quotations illustrate this characteristic longing for union. From Catherine of Sienna, a thirteenth century mystic: My me is God (in Flinders, 1993). From Dorothy Day, founder of the Catholic Worker Movement, about her conversion to Roman Catholicism: . . . but I wanted to be poor, chaste, and obedient. I wanted to die in order to live, to put off the old man and put on the Christ. I loved, in other words, and like all women in love, I wanted to be united to my love (1952/1981, p. 149). Thomas Merton, a 20th century priest and theologian, wrote poignantly of the longing to close the distance he felt between himself and God: My God it is the gap and the distance that kills me. That is the only reason why I desire solitude to be lost to all created things, to die to them and the knowledge of them . . . For I knew it was only by leaving them that I could come to you (1948, p. 461).The experience of union or merger in mystical experience is a controversial topic in r eligious and psychological circles. Merton (1966) suggested regressive features in mystical experience are not uncommon and are even necessary to attain the earlier stages of the experience, but that deeper experiences should be beyond regressive elements. Though Mertons attitude seems open, the rejection of regressive elements in deeper, presumably more mature kinds of mystical experience suggests an equating of regression with pathology. Traditional psychoanalysis has regarded mystical experience as a regression to the narcissistic state of the infant. However, as noted earlier, Kohut recognized the narcissistic dimensions of religious experience, allowing for both archaic and mature transformations of narcissism. Self psychology brings a more complex psychological understanding to these phenomena. It appreciates how the seeking of union or merger may manifest as a psychologically regressive phenomenon, but may be in the service of the ego in utilizing religious experience to realize the nuclear program of ambitions and the actualization of certain ideals (e.g., Gandhi or Day). Or, in mystical experiences, the merger may assuage the narcissistic vulnerability of possible re-traumatization with idealizing selfobjects. As Ullman noted (1989), merger with God protects from the demands of other relationships at greater risk for disappointment and thus the possibility of increased awareness of ones imperfections. Clinical Vignette In the clinical setting it is sometimes difficult to clearly separate specific selfobject needs from one another, and in this case there are significant mirroring needs as well as the idealizing focus of this chapter. Mr. S was a single, 28 yr. old graduate student, who sought psychotherapy for a long-standing problems with anxiety. In the second hour, he reported a life-changing event that he regarded as a mystical experience. I saw him intensively for one and a half years until an external situation necessitated a move out of state. He traced the beginning of his anxiety back to seventh grade when he began wondering about the nature of the universe. Was it predominantly benevolent or not? What was real? How did he know that this life was not just a part of a dream God might be having? What was the meaning of life?. He suffered much internal anguish and in the face of being unable to resolve these questions, put them aside. In the tenth grade, Mr. S experienced another expression of anxiety in the form of an obsession about his own mortality (the father was also afraid of death and hyper-vigilant about safety and contagion). At age 22, Mr. S suffered the most intense and nearly debilitating outbreak of anxiety yet, related to beginning a practicuum following college. He was aware of panic about doing a good job. The intensity of these attacks gradually abated, though he continued to experience a fairly consistent internal sense of dis-ease and anxiety that eluded his understanding. Family History Mr. S was the youngest child in his family and throughout the therapy, Mr. S said relatively little about his siblings or his parents. Mother died several years previous to the treatment after a protracted illness that began while Mr. S was in high school. The anxiety attacks had begun shortly after she left the family home requiring institutional care. Mothers illness and death were understood as connected in a significant way to Mr. Ss feelings that he should be doing something important with his life, perhaps as a way of redeeming her suffering. He thought this feeling had motivated him earlier to pursue leadership positions and to initiate charitable activities. Mr. S reported some fairly nominal involvement in mainstream Protestantism during his childhood. He recalled that in fourth grad, he was interested in god and the Devil for three or four months, and then had little or no interest in religion for another ten years. He was confirmed in eighth grade, but said it had meant nothing to him. He described himself as an agnostic who wanted to believe, but experienced himself in his early twenties as being frightened about closing his eyes to pray. He made a few efforts to attend retreat weekends and to do some reading in psychology and religion, but found these too emotionally taxing, at least until he had a life-changing conversion experience. The Religious Experience In the second session and with a great deal of hesitance about my response, Mr. S related a very significant experience, the details of which were more fully disclosed over the following months. He had been out with his girlfriend and was driving them back to her house. They had not been getting along very well and were in the midst of an argument when she turned to him and said, You are so self-centered. Before Mr. S could respond, he felt something coming into him and had to pull the car over because he could not concentrate on driving. He felt pervaded with an unconditional love that he had never before experienced, a sort of cosmic orgasm. He experience adoration for the Godhead and a presence within him. Mr. S felt that God had communicated with him and, in effect, had reassured him about the benevolent nature of the universe. There was nothing for him to fear. He described a vague visual element toward the end of this experience that seemed to be something like a slowl y swirling galaxy. The most intense part of the experience lasted about an hour. Mr. S was left convinced of the reality of God and that his life pursuit should be related in some way to disseminating the truth he had learned. This experience was a critical turning point for Mr. S. Subsequently, he felt a greater tolerance for his anxiety and felt that it had diminished. An earlier sense of needing to do something important with his life in a public arena was reinforced, as well as, confirming a sense of being special. More specifically, Mr. S seemed to identify himself with figures like Martin Luther and Abraham Lincoln in that perhaps like them, his internal suffering was a necessary preparation in order to do great things. Discussion Mr. Ss reactions to the therapeutic relationship seemed to follow Kohuts description of how persons with narcissistic personality disorders respond to empathic breaks, that is, instead of relying on the empathic connection with the therapist, there is a return to archaic selfobject relations. Following a feeling of greater attunement from the therapist, Mr. S would often come to the next session feeling disgruntled about therapy and feeling he expected answers from the therapist which only he could find. Only God could really understand him and I regarded this as regression to an archaic merger. Mr. Ss experiences of anxiety, the function of his religious experience, the confusion he felt about his ambition and his experience of grandiosity are difficulties illustrative of the various disturbances of a narcissistic personality disorder. He demonstrated aspects of a mirroring transference within the therapy (as evidenced by his soliciting my admiration, his vulnerability to mis-attunements, and his identifications with historically great figures). Also present was an extra-therapeutic dimension of an idealizing transference to certain male figures and to his experience of the divine. There were disturbances in at least two sectors of the self, the grandiose-exhibitionistic self and the idealized parental imago. The extent of Mr. Ss anxiety lead to the conclusion that there was a defect in the structure of the self, specifically, a deficiency in the calming structures which serve the self-soothing function of the idealized pole of the self. Kohut (1984) suggested that suc h a defect derived from either a congenital propensity to experience excessive anxiety and/or failure of empathic responses from selfobjects early in life. It can be inferred that Mr. S did indeed experience a failure of idealized maternal and paternal selfobject omnipotent calming, resulting in an adequate capacity for self-soothing. Though his anxieties had manifested in a number of ways, fundamentally it seemed that a disintegration anxiety had been stimulated early in life, a fear of destruction of the self based upon the unavailability of empathic selfobjects. This was related to mothers illness and death, and the loss of selfobject functions that she may have provided and the reactive feelings of being destined to do something great that immediately preceded her death. The emergence of archaic grandiosity could be understood as a defense against the impending loss, against the helplessness he felt as he watched his mothers condition deteriorate, against the demise of the preconscious wish in his dreams to rescue her in order to restore himself, and a retreat from the disappointment in his fathers inability to save the mother. Mr. S felt he needed to be God for himself. A vertical split was observed in his conscious fear of becoming a hamburger-flipping misfit in contrast to his feelings of being destined for great things. Healing these splits then became the underpinning for further psychological development. Mr. Ss experience contained classic mystical characteristics in the difficulty of articulating the experience; the new insight of a truth; transiency (the experience lasted about an hour); and passivity the experience came upon him. The experience may have served, initially, as a defense against a narcissistic injury and the potential fragmentation Mr. S experienced when his girlfriend made the observation of his self-centeredness. The exposure of his archaic grandiosity may have been threatened. The experience also functioned as a merger with a transcendently experienced, omnipotent and calm, idealized selfobject. This experience, and the return to it through less intense experiences of prayer and meditation for relief from anxiety, contained a schizoid quality in its avoidance of human intimacy. It may also have served as a creative adaptation through which Mr. S discovered a new selfobject and attempted to remobilize arrested development in the idealized sectors of his perso nality. The religious dimension of Mr. Ss life was not without its conflicts that expressed disturbances in the spheres of ambition and ideals. Mr. S reported having a great deal of resistance to praying and wondered why, since, There was no other feeling like it. During prayer, Mr. S observed that he had to become aware of himself as human, with difficulties and anxieties; that God was God, and he was not. On the other hand, it was during these times when Mr. S felt best about himself, when he was most real about himself. He felt okay, happy, joyful, and calm with an increased sense of self-esteem. Conclusion This chapter reviewed Kohuts concept of the idealizing selfobject need, its definitions and functions, and its developmental trajectories. The need to affiliate with perfection as a solution to the loss of ones own sense of perfection is especially relevant to a psychological understanding of mystical experience. Certain forms of mysticism function as a form of fuzzy idealism in which disappointment in the experience of human selfobjects is avoided by appealing to a vague sense of perfection. Union or merger dimensions were recognized as an aspect of mysticism, but one that does not automatically assume pathological meaning. The clinical vignette of Mr. S considered the adaptive functions of his religious experience in the consequent lessening of anxiety in his life, as well as how the experience served a protective function against the exposure of archaic grandiosity. A number of questions arise from these explorations. Does a developmental view necessarily have to imply that a merger experience is regressive in a pathological way? Postmodern perspectives challenge these linear models and the maturity morality implicit in them. Can psychological structure be accrued through experiences with a sacred other? Based on perception of the divine as empathic, are experiences of transmuting internalization possible (e.g., unanswered prayer as an optimal frustration)? Might God be viewed as a substitute selfobject created out of the absence of suitable selfobjects in ones environment (see Bacals notion of a fantasy self-object and A. Ornsteins concept of the curative fantasy)? How can the experience of self-transcendence from a self psychology perspective be understood? Are there reciprocal dimensions of influence between the spiritual experience and the therapeutic experience? How does the work in the transference affect ones spiritual experience and how might a spiritual experience affect the working through of a transference? What gender differences may be present in these experiences? Self psychology provides a helpful theoretical framework not only for a psychology of religion, but also for assisting the therapist/analyst in the clinical situation by suggesting a way to understand connections between selfobject needs, the transference, its genetic origins and developmental fate, and the relation of all this to the nature of a patients spiritual experience. Kohuts approach undeniably includes an empathic and therapeutic understanding of things spiritual and offers a deeper grasp of the role and function of this aspect of human experience. Unwittingly, he is very much in concert with that most famous psychologist of religion, William James who a century ago suggested that, To the medical mind these ecstasies signify nothing but suggested and imitated hypnoid states, on an intellectual basis of superstition, and a corporal one of degeneration and hysteria. Undoubtedly these pathological conditions have existed in many and possibly in all cases, but that tells us nothing about the value for knowledge of the consciousness which they induce. To pass a spiritual judgement upon these states, we must not content ourselves with superficial medical talk, but inquire into their fruits. (1902, p. 317) REFERENCES Armstrong, K. 1993. A history of God: the 4000 year quest of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. Day, D. 1952. The long loneliness: An autobiography. San Francisco: Harper and Row, Publishers (1982). Delacroix, H. 1908. Etudes dhistoire et de psychologie du mysticisme. Les Grand mystiques chretiens. Paris: Felix Alcan. Ellwood, R. S. 1999. Mysticism and religion. Second edition. New York: Seven Bridges Press. Flinders, C.L. 1993. Enduring grace: Living portraits of seven women mystics. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco. Flournoy, T. 1903a. Les principesde la psychologie religieuse. 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